{"id":8130,"date":"2021-09-27T13:12:28","date_gmt":"2021-09-27T17:12:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/149.4.100.129\/mqr\/?page_id=8130"},"modified":"2026-01-24T09:27:48","modified_gmt":"2026-01-24T14:27:48","slug":"mqr-biology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/mqr-biology\/","title":{"rendered":"Biology"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;||54px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][dsm_text_divider header=&#8221;Biology&#8221; color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; divider_style=&#8221;double&#8221; divider_weight=&#8221;5px&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font=&#8221;Open Sans|700|||||||&#8221; header_text_align=&#8221;center&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;35px&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/dsm_text_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Conversion of Ocular Micrometers, Lesson Written by Ilysse Baum, Queens College<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to download document.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>lesson<\/strong> explains how to use the &#8220;<strong>Metric Staircase<\/strong>&#8221; to <strong>convert ocular micrometers<\/strong>, which is covered in our <strong>Introductory Biology labs<\/strong> at <strong>Queens College<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Probabilities in Punnett Squares<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=agQpPPQ5IVQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Click here to visit the YouTube link.\">Click here to visit the YouTube link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> provides an explanation of <strong>Punnett Squares<\/strong> with examples of how to calculate the probability of an offspring with certain characteristics, such as eye color. It explains how to do a <strong>monohybrid cross<\/strong> and a <strong>dihybrid cross<\/strong>, and discusses the difference between the <strong>dominant allele<\/strong> and the <strong>recessive allele<\/strong>. Terms such as <strong>homozygous dominant<\/strong>, <strong>heterozygous and homozygous recessive<\/strong> are also covered, as well as an explanation of how to calculate the <strong>genotype ratio<\/strong> and the <strong>phenotype ratio<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Probabilities in Genetics, Study Guide<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/high-school-biology\/hs-classical-genetics\/hs-introduction-to-heredity\/a\/probabilities-in-genetics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>study guide<\/strong> provides an explanation of <strong>empirical<\/strong> and <strong>theoretical probabilities<\/strong>, and how to apply the <strong>product and sum probability<\/strong> rules to <strong>dihybrid crosses<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>The Shannon Diversity Index (H)<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ghhZClDRK_g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>Shannon Diversity Index (H)<\/strong> is an index commonly used to characterize <strong>species diversity in a community.<\/strong> This <strong>video<\/strong> discusses the terms of <strong>abundance, species richness,<\/strong> and <strong>diversity<\/strong> and illustrates how to calculate the Shannon Diversity Index.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Calculating the Shannon Diversity Index<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=w9TvlB4hf7k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> shows how to use <strong>Google Sheets<\/strong> and <strong>Excel<\/strong> to calculate the <strong>Shannon Diversity Index.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Simpson\u2019s Index of Diversity<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/ap-biology\/ecology-ap\/community-ecology\/v\/simpsons-index-of-diversity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> explains <strong>Simpson&#8217;s Diversity Index,<\/strong> a measure of <strong>diversity<\/strong> which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species. As species richness and evenness increase, so <strong>diversity<\/strong> increases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Hardy-Weinberg Equation<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/test-prep\/mcat\/biomolecules\/mendelian-genetics\/v\/hardy-weinberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> provides an explanation the <strong>Hardy-Weinberg Equation,<\/strong> which states that <strong>allele and genotype frequencies<\/strong> in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Surface Area to Volume Ratio of Cells<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=huKUJsqik2I\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> explains how the <strong>surface area to volume ratio<\/strong> affects how large cells can be. It also details why <strong>transport systems<\/strong> are needed to provide materials to the many cells that make up <strong>multicellular organisms<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Logarithms, pH, and pOH<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LS67vS10O5Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>video<\/strong> defines <strong>pH<\/strong> as a scale used to specify how <strong>acidic or basic<\/strong> a water-based solution is. Mathematically, <strong>pH<\/strong> is defined as the <strong>negative common logarithm of the activity of a hydrogen ion in a solution.<\/strong> This video also describes <strong>pOH,<\/strong> a <strong>measure of the hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration,<\/strong> which is <strong>used to express the alkalinity of a solution.<\/strong> <strong>Reversible reactions,<\/strong> the <strong>water dissociation constant, acids, bases,<\/strong> and <strong>neutral solutions,<\/strong> and <strong>strong and weak acids<\/strong> are also discussed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>The Difference Between Linear and Logarithmic Scales<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/math\/algebra-home\/alg-exp-and-log\/alg-logarithmic-scale\/v\/logarithmic-scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> explains the <strong>difference<\/strong> between a <strong>linear scale<\/strong> and a<strong> logarithmic scale.<\/strong> On a linear scale, the <strong>value between any two points will never change.<\/strong> A <strong>logarithmic scale<\/strong> is one in which the units on the <strong>axis are powers,<\/strong> or <strong>logarithms,<\/strong> of a base number. <strong>Exponential growth curves<\/strong> are displayed on a <strong>logarithmic scale.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Exponential Growth and Decay<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=e5nwJKUc3bA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> tutorial explains how to solve <strong>exponential growth and decay word problems.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Exponential Growth and Decay, Examples<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/math\/algebra-home\/alg-exp-and-log\/alg-intro-to-rate-of-exponential-growth-and-decay\/v\/word-problem-solving-exponential-growth-and-decay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> provides an <strong>example<\/strong> of the <strong>radioactive decay<\/strong> of a substance, as well as an <strong>application<\/strong> of <strong>exponential growth<\/strong> to a fast-food restaurant chain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>The Scientific Method<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/high-school-biology\/hs-biology-foundations\/hs-biology-and-the-scientific-method\/v\/the-scientific-method\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> explains the <strong>five basic steps<\/strong> of the <strong>scientific method<\/strong>: (1) make an <strong>observation,<\/strong> (2) ask a <strong>question,<\/strong> (3) form a <strong>hypothesis,<\/strong> or <strong>testable explanation,<\/strong> (4) make a <strong>prediction<\/strong> based on the hypothesis, and (5) <strong>test the prediction.<\/strong> We then <strong>iterate,<\/strong> and <strong>use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Simple Hypothesis Testing, Example<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/math\/statistics-probability\/significance-tests-one-sample\/idea-of-significance-tests\/v\/simple-hypothesis-testing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> applies the principle of <strong>hypothesis testing<\/strong> to a practical <strong>example:<\/strong> siblings washing their dinner dishes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Introduction to Experimental Design<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/math\/statistics-probability\/designing-studies\/experiments-stats-library\/v\/introduction-to-experiment-design\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> defines <strong>explanatory<\/strong> and <strong>response<\/strong> variables, as well as <strong>control<\/strong> and <strong>treatment groups.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Independent Variables, Dependent Variables, and Constants<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_VdOB4JJE_8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> explains how to identify the difference between <strong>independent<\/strong> and <strong>dependent variables<\/strong> as well as <strong>constants<\/strong> in experiments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Independent and Dependent Variables, Example<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=x00V4iohun8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> explains how the <strong>independent variable influences change in the dependent variable<\/strong> using a practical <strong>example:<\/strong> plant growth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Plotting the Independent and Dependent Variables on a Graph<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=afp3jhPNS3g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>video<\/strong> explains how to <strong>identify,<\/strong> and <strong>plot,<\/strong> the <strong>independent<\/strong> and <strong>dependent variables<\/strong> on a <strong>graph<\/strong> (a <strong>Cartesian plane<\/strong>). The <strong>independent variable<\/strong> goes on the <strong>horizontal x-axis,<\/strong> and the <strong>dependent<\/strong> variable goes on the <strong>vertical y-axis.<\/strong> It also shows the relationships of certain graphs such as: <strong>linear curves, inverse relationships,<\/strong> and <strong>quadratic<\/strong> or <strong>parabolic functions,<\/strong> using the examples of <strong>Boyle&#8217;s law of pressure and volume<\/strong> in <strong>chemistry,<\/strong> <strong>Newton&#8217;s second law of motion<\/strong> between <strong>force, mass,<\/strong> and <strong>acceleration<\/strong> in <strong>physics,<\/strong> and <strong>distance vs. time<\/strong> under <strong>constant acceleration<\/strong> in <strong>physics.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Controlled Experiments, Experimental Group vs. Control Group, Independent and Dependent Variables, Study Guide<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/high-school-biology\/hs-biology-foundations\/hs-biology-and-the-scientific-method\/a\/experiments-and-observations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here to visit link.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This <strong>study guide<\/strong> defines and provides examples of <strong>controlled experiments, control<\/strong> and <strong>experimental groups, independent<\/strong> and <strong>dependent variables,<\/strong> <strong>variability and repetition,<\/strong> and <strong>sample size.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#EFEFEF&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|20px||20px|false|true&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/65\/2021\/09\/khan-academy.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;Khan Academy&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Khan Academy&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/65\/2021\/09\/en-espanol.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;En espa\u00f1ol&#8221; title_text=&#8221;En espa\u00f1ol&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Biolog\u00eda, Biology Khan Academy Videos en Espa\u00f1ol<\/h5>\n<p>[<a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biolog\u00eda<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This link provides comprehensive <strong>video<\/strong> tutorials from the <strong>Khan Academy en Espa\u00f1ol<\/strong> in such topics in <strong>Biology<\/strong> as: <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/intro-to-biology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Introduction to Biology\">Introduction to Biology<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/chemistry--of-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"The Chemistry of Life\">The Chemistry of Life<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/water-acids-and-bases\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Water, Acids and Bases\">Water, Acids and Bases<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/properties-of-carbon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"The Properties of Carbon\">The Properties of Carbon<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/macromolecules\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Macromolecules\">Macromolecules<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/energy-and-enzymes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Energy and Enzymes\">Energy and Enzymes<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/structure-of-a-cell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"The Structure of a Cell\">The Structure of a Cell<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/membranes-and-transport\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Membranes and Transport\">Membranes and Transport<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/cellular-respiration-and-fermentation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Cellular Respiration\">Cellular Respiration<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/photosynthesis-in-plants\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Photosynthesis\">Photosynthesis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/cell-signaling\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Cell Signaling\">Cell Signaling<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/cellular-molecular-biology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Cellular Division\">Cellular Division<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/classical-genetics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Classical Genetics and Molecular Genetics\">Classical Genetics and Molecular Genetics<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/dna-as-the-genetic-material\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"DNA as Genetic Material\">DNA as Genetic Material<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/gene-expression-central-dogma\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Central Dogma (from DNA to RNA to Protein)\">Central Dogma (from DNA to RNA to Protein)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/gene-regulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Gene Regulation\">Gene Regulation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/biotech-dna-technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Biotechnology\">Biotechnology<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/developmental-biology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Developmental Biology\">Developmental Biology<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/bacteria-archaea\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Bacteria and Archaea\">Bacteria and Archaea<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/biology-of-viruses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Virus\">Virus<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/her\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Evolution and the Tree of Life\">Evolution and the Tree of Life<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/history-of-life-on-earth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"History of Life on Earth\">History of Life on Earth<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/ecology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Ecology\">Ecology<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/behavioral-biology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Behavioral Biology\">Behavioral Biology<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/principles-of-physiology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Principles of Physiology\">Principles of Physiology<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/human-biology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Human Biology\">Human Biology<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/plant-biology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Vegetal Biology\">Vegetal Biology<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text ul_position=&#8221;inside&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; header_4_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_4_text_color=&#8221;#E71939&#8243; header_5_font=&#8221;Open Sans|600|||on||||&#8221; header_5_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; header_5_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h5>Biolog\u00eda Humana, Human Biology Khan Academy Videos en Espa\u00f1ol<\/h5>\n<p>[<a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/human-biology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Biolog\u00eda Humana\">Biolog\u00eda Humana<\/a>]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>This link has numerous <strong>video<\/strong> tutorials from the <strong>Khan Academy en Espa\u00f1ol<\/strong>, covering such concepts in <strong>Human Biology<\/strong> as: <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/human-biology\/circulatory-pulmonary\/v\/the-lungs-and-pulmonary-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"The Circulatory and Pulmonary Systems\">The Circulatory and Pulmonary Systems<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/human-biology\/neuron-nervous-system\/v\/anatomy-of-a-neuron\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"The Neuron and the Nervous System\">The Neuron and the Nervous System<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/human-biology\/kidney-nephron\/v\/the-kidney-and-nephron\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Kidney and Nephron\">Kidney and Nephron<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/human-biology\/muscles\/v\/myosin-and-actin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"The Muscles\">The Muscles<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/es.khanacademy.org\/science\/biology\/human-biology\/immunology\/v\/role-of-phagocytes-in-innate-or-nonspecific-immunity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"Immunology\">Immunology<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"et_pb_module dsm_text_divider dsm_text_divider_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module_inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dsm-text-divider-wrapper dsm-text-divider-align-center et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dsm-text-divider-before dsm-divider\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"dsm-text-divider-header et_pb_module_header\"><span>Biology<\/span><\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dsm-text-divider-after dsm-divider\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>Conversion of Ocular Micrometers, Lesson Written by Ilysse Baum, Queens College Click here to download document. This lesson explains how to use the &#8220;Metric Staircase&#8221; to convert ocular micrometers, which is covered in our Introductory Biology labs at Queens College. Probabilities in Punnett [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"page_category":[],"wf_page_folders":[235],"class_list":["post-8130","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8130","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8130"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8130\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13865,"href":"https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8130\/revisions\/13865"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8130"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"page_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/page_category?post=8130"},{"taxonomy":"wf_page_folders","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qc.cuny.edu\/mqr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/wf_page_folders?post=8130"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}